The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK in 2020 led to significant morbidity, hospitalization, and death, particularly amongst elderly men. Recent meta-analyses confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infection led to reduced testosterone and increased LH, suggestive of testicular Leydig cell involvement. The unique Leydig cell biomarker insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) was measured in two cohorts of hospitalized men in Nottingham and London with moderate to severe COVID-19 symptoms. For Nottingham men, circulating INSL3 was reduced at entry (0.36 0.34 ng/ml; n...
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